Соціально-побутові умови утриманців дитпритулків Радянської України в 1920-х — на початку 1930-х рр.

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dc.contributor.authorШугальова, І. М.
dc.contributor.authorМолдавський, Р. Л.
dc.date.accessioned2022-11-07T17:28:23Z
dc.date.available2022-11-07T17:28:23Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.description.abstractenIn modern Ukraine, so-called «state children» have a difficult life in terms of social life and state care. Although the state started the childcare system reform to increase the child adoption rate, it should be noticed that only 120 underage citizens managed to find new families. A significant percentage of childcare in stitutions is currently in economic hardships. The difficulties come from outdat ed equipment and poor premises conditions, etc. However, today’s democratic transformations do not try to conceal the scale of the problems. In society, all difficulties are discussed and, as possible, help is provided. This situation is typ ical in the system of contemporary moral values. Additionally, the 20th-century Ukrainian territory remained under totalitarian Soviet pressure when the cult of the leader retreated to all needs. We seek to recreate the historical retrospective of social and everyday life conditions in state institutions of childcare during the 1920’s and 1930’s. We are determined to clarify whether present-day troubles are rooted in history or are exclusive problems of a contemporary nature. In contemporary European space, the policy of child-centrism is supported. Due to different circumstances, the category of children who have lost the oppor tunity of parental care is systematically replenished. Such children frequently go into the care of the state. Furthermore, state institutions must create conditions for a harmonious upbringing of every child. The concept of childhood care in de veloped European countries had been shaped in the first quarter of the last cen tury. Unfortunately, the lives of Ukrainian citizens under the totalitarian system of the Soviet empire excluded the possibility of decent and full-fledged education and development of children, especially the children who lost the opportunity of family education. In this article, we analyzed the conditions created by the So viet totalitarian system in the juvenile sphere. Applying the methods of histori cal retrospective, we characterized the social and living conditions which were created for the children of Soviet Ukraine during the 1920’s and early 1930’s. Despite the representative historiographical achievements, there are many poorly researched issues in this topic. They include the structure of state child care institutions and the level of their social and welfare provision, clarifi cation of the causes regarding hidden child homelessness, as well as charac terizing the totalitarian state’s attitude toward children who lost their possi bility to be brought up by a family. This article is dedicated to the disclosure of these aspects. In the article, we analyzed the complex experience of forming a childcare in stitutions network in the Ukrainian SSR. We intended to find out the reasons for the emergence of a large category of orphans, homeless children, and fatherless children. Based on archival documents, we characterized the state measures and their results aimed at overcoming the difficult situation. Also, we analyzed the level of social and financial support of state child care institutions and the moods of the dependents themselves and their educators and teachers. The methodological framework of the research was a civilizational approach which provides for the consideration of institutions of state custody of children in the system «orphans and homeless children — institutions of state care» tak ing into account the fact of specific historical, as well as civilizational features of the so-called «establishment of the Soviet command system». As a result of the social and political turmoil of the 1914–1922 period, a large category of children who had been deprived of family care had formed in Ukraine. According to the development of a civilized country, the government of the state had to take care of disadvantaged infants. However, this order of things was not possible in a totalitarian country where the leader’s cult and ideological terror became dominant in public relations. The children had poorly cared for. In the conditions of economic collapse, the funds allocated by the state were not enough. Moreover, there was a lack of teaching staff, too. The incidence and mortality rate exceeded up to 50% of the total number of orphans in foster homes. Diffi cult living conditions, poor nutrition, lack of proper linen and clothing affected the weak children. And under such a situation, due to lack of finances, the state went on reducing the number of child care institutions. At the beginning of the 1930’s, the situation in orphanages became even more complicated. As a result of the removal of these institutions from the state supply, the children were as good as doomed. The state was not a protector of children, but a powerful conveyor of infant mortality. Children suffered unsanitary con ditions, hunger, sickness, and catastrophic lack of necessary clothing and shoes. However, the totalitarian machine was indifferent as it solemnly celebrated the anniversary of the pioneer, then the launch of the Dniprobud then arranged de monstrative «tours» for foreign tourists. The «state children» in Soviet Ukraine were absolutely unnecessary. This could not but affect their psychological and physical condition. Unfortunately, they could not count on salvation.uk
dc.description.abstractukВ статті проаналізовано причини появи численної категорії безпритульних дітей в 1920-х рр., охарактеризовано заходи держави щодо подолання дитячої безпритульності. З’ясовано, яких заходів уживали громадські та державні установи для подолання даної ситуації. Визначено причини занедбаного стану дитячих притулків. В умовах господарської розрухи коштів, які виділяла держава, хронічно не вистачало. Бракувало й педагогічних кадрів. У результаті в притулках спостерігалися високий рівень захворювань дітей на інфекційні недуги та дитяча смертність. Тим не менше, в умовах тоталітарної держави всі факти проявів дитячого маргінесу ретельно приховувалися. Було офіційно проголошено про остаточне подолання дитячої безпритульності. Натомість 1931 р. дитячі заклади було виведено з-під державного постачання, через що там суттєво зросла смертність.uk
dc.format.pagerangeС. 237-257uk
dc.identifier.citationШугальова, І. М. Соціально-побутові умови утриманців дитпритулків Радянської України в 1920-х — на початку 1930-х рр. / І. М. Шугальова, Р. Л. Молдавський // Сторінки історії : збірник наукових праць. – 2021. – Вип. 52. – С. 237-257.uk
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.20535/2307-5244.52.2021.236164
dc.identifier.urihttps://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/50893
dc.language.isoukuk
dc.publisherКПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорськогоuk
dc.publisher.placeКиївuk
dc.sourceСторінки історії : збірник наукових праць, Вип. 52uk
dc.subjectдитяча безпритульністьuk
dc.subjectдитячі притулкиuk
dc.subjectпатронатuk
dc.subjectсоціально-побутові умовиuk
dc.subjectchildren’s homelessnessuk
dc.subjectfoster careuk
dc.subjectorphanagesuk
dc.subjectsocial and everyday life conditionsuk
dc.subject.udc94:37.018.3:314.422.2-053.3(477.64-2)uk
dc.titleСоціально-побутові умови утриманців дитпритулків Радянської України в 1920-х — на початку 1930-х рр.uk
dc.typeArticleuk

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Сторінки історії: збірник наукових праць, Вип. 52