Innovative Biosystems and Bioengineering: international scientific e-journal, Vol. 7, No. 2

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    Antimicrobial and cytotoxic characteristics of antibiotic streptofungin
    (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, 2023) Klochko, V. V.; Todosiichuk, T. S.; Kobzysta, O. P.; Bobyr, V. V.
    Background. Streptomycetes were and remain a source of new antimicrobial compounds of various nature. A new wave of interest in such research is associated with the possibilities of applied genomics to reveal the hidden biosynthetic potential of streptomycetes, and therefore the discovery of new practically valuable antimicrobial products. The problem of antibiotic resistance of pathogens can be solved by creating compositions of active substances of different nature to overcome the protective mechanisms of pathogens. Objective. The purpose of the work was to establish and evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic characteristics of the new antibiotic streptofungin, synthesized by Streptomyces albus 2435 (CMIM-S-668) and its mutant strains 2435/М, UN44, 4S, US101, AE6, 105, 80/5. Methods. To establish the characteristics of streptofungin, the antagonistic activity of selected S. albus producer strains was determined (by the radial streak method), the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic (by the serial dilution method), and cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT test with resazurin. Results. The activity of the antibiotic streptofungin against Candida fungi (C. albicans, C. utilis) is shown. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of streptofungin were determined for C. albicans ATCC 10231 (10 μg/ml), B. subtilis ATCC 6633 (200 μg/ml) and P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 (500 μg/ml). According to the resazurin test, streptofungin does not show a cytotoxic effect in a wide range of concentrations from 2.5 to 500 μg/ml, and therefore can be considered potentially permissible for humans and animals in the studied concentrations. Conclusions. The antagonistic activity of mutant strains of S. albus culture is due to the action of a complex of antimicrobial products that have a different antimicrobial spectrum and mechanism of action. The obtained results give reasons to consider streptofungin as a promising pharmaceutical substance with antifungal action, as well as to consider the possibility of its combination with the bacteriolytic enzyme complex of the same culture for the development of an antimicrobial agent with a wide spectrum of action.
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    Effect of herbal extracts upon enhancing the quality of low-fat cottage cheese
    (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, 2023) Ryzhkova, T. M.; Odarchenko, A. M.; Silchenko, К. P.; Danylenko, S. G.; Verbytskyi, S. B.; Heida, I. M.; Kalashnikova, L. E.; Dmytrenko, A. M.
    Background. Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, mucus, tannins, volatile oils, phytoncides, and other chemical compounds found in plants possess medicinal properties and act as biogenic stimulants. These substances are formed in isolated tissues of animal and plant origin during their adapting to adverse environmental conditions, exhibiting biological activity. Biogenic stimulants include plant extracts utilized in pharmacology and dairy cattle breeding to enhance immunity, prevent animal infertility, increase productivity, and elevate the level of protein and fat components in milk. This suggests the potential application of plant biopreparations in the dairy industry, particularly in the technology of low-fat cottage cheese, to enhance its protein content. Objective. The present study aims to investigate the effect of biological preparations used in low-fat cottage cheese production on its quality and assess the feasibility of the said preparation. Methods. The quality parameters and biological value were evaluated for low-fat cottage milk cheese made from low-fat cow's milk prepared for curdling, as well as the lactating enzyme preparation "Fromaza" in the amount of 0.1 g for each batch of the product dissolved in plant extracts-based biopreparations "Biosvit" and "Megasvit". In samples of raw milk, the mass fraction of fat, protein, and solids and density were determined. Physicochemical and biochemical parameters, as well as the amino acid composition of protein in milk, were determined using standardized methods. Results. The study revealed that the use of "Biosvit" increased the mass fraction of total protein in the pilot cheese batch by 0.4%, while "Megasvit" led to a decrease in total protein content by 0.52%. Additionally, "Biosvit" and "Megasvit" reduced the mass fraction of non-casein protein in the pilot cheese batches by 0.25% and 1.82%, respectively, and increased the level of casein protein by 0.65% and 1.43%, respectively, compared to the control. The cheese yield from every 100 kg of processed raw milk increased by 2.8% and 4.5%, respectively, when using "Biosvit" and "Megasvit" preparations, compared to the control. Conclusions. The effectiveness of the biological preparation "Megasvit", used to dissolve the enzyme "Fromaza", in improving the quality and biological value of low-fat cottage cheese has been confirmed.
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    Effects of metformin and preparations with pleiotropic effects on testicular biochemical indices of rats with juvenile-onset metabolic syndrome
    (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, 2023) Bondarenko, L. B.; Shayakhmetova, G. M.; Tkachenko, O.Ye.; Kalachinskaya, M. M.; Kovalenko, V. M.
    Background. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex of disorders characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and glucose tolerance, arterial hypertension, and all types of metabolic disorders. Taking into account the wide range of symptoms accompanying MS, the use of preparations with pleiotropic effects on metabolic processes in the body could be promising for its treatment. Objective. The aim of this study is comparative estimation of metformin or its combination with vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation treatment effects on DNA, RNA, histones, ATP, ADP, AMP contents, and DNA fragmentation processes in testes of rats with MS induced in juvenile age. Methods. MS model was induced by full replacement of drinking water with 10% fructose solution in Wistar male rats of 21–23 days age (50–70 g). DNA, RNA, histones, ATP, ADP, AMP contents, and DNA fragmentation processes investigations were carried out after 60 days of MS modeling and metformin or its combination with vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation treatment. Results. In experiments with pubertal rats with MS and metformin or its combination vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation treatment, we established partially corrective effects of these medications for DNA, RNA, histones, ATP, ADP, AMP contents, and DNA fragmentation processes changes caused by MS development. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the studied preparations' effects under MS simulation in the juvenile age showed that none of these drugs was able to completely normalize the disorders in studied indicators caused by MS. However, both combinations of metformin with vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation were still more effective in these negative changes' correction then metformin itself. Metformin with vitamins' complex caused a more pronounced influence on the processes of DNA fragmentation, the levels of adenyl nucleotides, and the energy charge of rat testicular cells, while the corrective effect of metformin with liposomal preparation was more noticeable with respect to the content of chromatin components.
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    Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biosynthesis optimization and design of antimicrobial composites
    (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, 2023) Koretska, N. I.; Semeniuk, I. V.; Pokynbroda, T. Ya.; Shcheglova, N. S.; Karpenko, O. V.; Kytsya, A. R.; Lubenets, V. I.; Polish, N. V.
    Background. The accumulation of plastic waste negatively affects the environment and human health. Currently, one of the strategies to address this global ecological problem involves the utilization of biodegradable plastics instead in place of synthetic ones. Among them, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) – microbial intracellular polymers – hold a significant position. Their advantages are biodegradability, biocompatibility, and favorable thermomechanical properties. Given these attributes, PHA has significant prospects for use in medicine, agriculture, and the food industry, in particular for packaging food products. Objective. Enchance the efficiency of bacterial synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates through nutrient media modification, obtain antimicrobial composites based on PHA, and determine their antimicrobial properties. Methods. The optimization of PHA biosynthesis involved selecting appropriate cultivation conditions, including carbon and nitrogen sources, cultivation time, and working volume. The isolation of PHA from bacterial biomass was achieved through chloroform extraction (mixing for 10 h at 35 C, with a biomass-tochloroform ratio of 1:50); followed by precipitation with double the volume of isopropanol. The resulting polymer was then dried to a constant weight at 60 C. The hydrophobicity of the biopolymer was assessed using the water contact angle measurement. Composites of biopolymers with antimicrobials in the form of films were obtained using two methods: 1) solution casting method; and 2) layering the biocides onto the polymer film. The antimicrobial activity of the resulting composites was determined using the agar diffusion method. Results. Through the optimization of the mineral media and the change of cultivation conditions, it was possible to obtain 0.26–1.45 g/l of polyhydroxyalkanoates (5.1–34.0% PHA from biomass). The R. ruber UCM Ac-288 strain synthesized the maximum amount of biopolymer (34.0% PHA). This study established the ability of Gordonia bacteria to synthesize PHA for the first time. PHA compositions of optimal content were obtained, with hydrophobicity comparable to that of polyethylene packaging films. Antimicrobial properties of biopolymers composites with biocides have been substantiated. Conclusions. The bacterial synthesis of PHA was increased by modifying nutrient media. Composites based on PHA with biocides were developed. It was determined that these composites exhibit antimicrobial properties and high hydrophobicity. Consequently, they hold promise for use as biofilms for packaging and preserving food products.
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    Нові підходи до використання рослинних ароматотвірних ферментів
    (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, 2023) Дубова, Г. Є.; Левчук, І. В.; Галкін, О. Ю.; Хмельницька, Є. В.; Поєдинок, Н. Л.
    Проблематика. Як ароматотвірні ферменти для надання аромату переробленій сировині застосовують протеази, а також комплекси ферментів із різними комбінаціями ліпази, амілази та целюлази. Рослинні ферменти мають значний потенціал впливу на реакції утворення аромату. Мета. Дослідження реакцій цілеспрямованої зміни аромату цибулі, листя дерев липи та вишні шляхом активації (для листя липи та вишні) або гальмування (для цибулі) дії комплексу ферментів рослинного походження. Методика реалізації. Листя липи та вишні, а також плоди цибулі використано як об’єкти, що змінюють аромат під дією комплексу ферментів. Для дії власних ферментів листя дерев були створені умови ферментації за принципом переробки листя чаю. Як додаткове джерело ферментів застосовано насіння гірчиці та коріння хрону. Для впливу на реакції утворення аромату цибулі використовували імбир, екстракти чорного та зеленого чаю, кори дуба. Результати. Встановлено, що ароматотвірні ферменти листя дерев активні в різні періоди формування листя: комплекс ферментів листя вишні активний після цвітіння дерев, липи – до цвітіння. Для зміни аромату цибулі ефективними є рослинні ферменти, такі як мірозинази гірчиці, поліфенолоксидази хрону. Для гальмування процесу утворення цибулевого аромату ефективними є речовини, які містяться в екстрактах чорного, зеленого чаю, імбиру. Висновки. Уповільненню або гальмуванню утворення цибулевого аромату сприяють компоненти імбиру, екстрактів чорного та зеленого чаю. Аромат листя дерев вишні та липи змінюється ферментами самого листя з утворенням аромату плодів вишні та цвіту липи відповідно. Рослинні ароматотвірні ферменти листя липи більший вплив на аромат мають у період до цвітіння, ніж після цвітіння, а листя вишні – після плодоносіння.