Дистанційна ідентифікація розчинів конденсованих середовищ в закритих діелектричних ємностях
| dc.contributor.advisor | Лошицький, Павло Павлович | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ніколаєва, Анастасія Дмитрівна | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2023-08-29T11:28:15Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2023-08-29T11:28:15Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2021 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Об’єктом розгляду є методика для дистанційної ідентифікації розчинів конденсованих середовищ в закритих діелектричних ємностях Предмет роботи – дослідження, розробка методу дистанційно ідентифікації розчинів конденсованих середовищ в закритих діелектричних ємностях, аналіз отриманих результатів та варіанти іх практичного застосування. Метою роботи є дослідження термостимулюючого випромінювання сумішей рідких розчинів, які складаються з двох електролітів, а також з двох неелектролітів різних наборів концентрацій і визначення практичної можливість дистанційної ідентифікації подібних розчинів. У першому розділі дані загальні поняття, що можуть відповісти на базові питання стосовно об’єкта роботи. У розділах 2-3 наведена методика експериментального дослідження та конкретизовано матеріали та обладнання які саме використовувались під час дослідження. Четвертий розділ містить результати експериментальних досліджень їх тлумачення та зведені ілюстрації. В даній роботі розглядається методика та модернізований вимірювальний комплекс для дистанційного дослідження рідких електролітів та неелектролітів за допомогою вимірювань та їх аналізу флуктуацій диференціальної температури проміжного рідкого середовища, в яку поміщено тару з досліджуваною рідиною. На сьогодні відсутнє чітке розуміння, як залежить термостимульоване випромінювання від владу макроскопічного тіла, а також від того рівноважне теплове випромінювання або нерівноважне. Досліджуваний об’єкт, при заданій температурі випромінює електромагнітні хвилі, що зв’язані з тепловим рухом молекул та атомів його складових. Тому теплове випромінювання є випадковим (флуктуаційним), що означає рівність нулю середньої величини електромагнітного поля, але інші усереднені характеристики можуть бути відмінними від нуля. Квадратичні характеристики теплового електромагнітного поля визначають його енергію, кінцева величина якої відмінна від нуля, яка може бути змінена відповілним датчиком та характеризувати джерелом поля — макроскопічним тілом — нагріте до деякої температури. В роботі наводятся результати досліджень сумішей електролітів та неелектролітів різних концентрацій. Наведено приклад нерівноважного теплового випромінювання. Показана можливість розрізняти досліджувані рідини, а ктакож зєднувати компоненти розчинів данних концентрацій для отримання заданних властивостей усього розчину. | uk |
| dc.description.abstractother | The subject of review is the methodology for remote identification of soluble condensed environments in closed dielectric containers. Subject of work - research, development of a method for remote identification of soluble condensed environments in closed dielectric containers, analysis of the results and options for their practical application. The aim of the work is to study the heat-stimulating radiation of mixtures of liquid solutions, which consist of two electrolytes, as well as two non-electrolytes of different sets of concentrations and to determine the practical possibility of remote identification of such solutions. The first section provides general concepts that can answer the basic questions about the object of work. Sections 2-3 present the methods of experimental research and specify the materials and equipment that were used during the study. The fourth section contains the results of experimental studies of their interpretation and summary illustrations . The object of the work is the methodology Remote determination of substances, including liquids, is an urgent problem, the solution of which requires fundamentally new approaches to both methods and techniques of measurements. This is due to the fact that standard methods for studying liquids are mainly spectroscopic methods in various frequency ranges from neutron diffractometry to acoustic spectroscopy, which are very difficult or even impossible to apply for remote sensing. Conventional radar methods are usually not acceptable due to the impossibility of covert information retrieval using active location and obtaining data on the composition of the irradiated object on its basis. Therefore, at present, methods and techniques of passive location are being used more and more widely, but in order to solve rather specific problems of remote identification of substances, they must be significantly modernized. This paper examines the methodology and modernised measuring system for the remote study of liquid electrolytes and non-electrolytes by means of measurements and subsequent analysis of the differential temperature of the intermediate liquid medium (distilled water) in which the container (container ) with the test liquid is placed . To date, there is no clear understanding of how thermogenic radiation depends on the composition of the macroscopic body, as well as on the equilibrium thermal radiation or non-equilibrium. The investigated object, at a given temperature, emits electromagnetic waves associated with the thermal motion of molecules and atoms of its constituents. Therefore, thermal radiation is random (fluctuation), which means that the average value of the electromagnetic field is zero, but other averaged characteristics, for example, quadratic in the field, may differ from zero. The quadratic characteristics of a thermal electromagnetic field determine its energy, which has a nonzero finite value, which can be measured by an appropriate sensor and characterize the source of the field - a macroscopic body - heated to a certain temperature. The paper presents the results of studies of mixtures of electrolytes and non-electrolytes of various concentrations. An example of non-equilibrium thermal radiation is given. It is shown that it is possible to distinguish between the liquids under study, and how to combine the components of solutions of given concentrations to obtain the specified properties of the entire solution. The study of mixtures of true solutions of non-electrolytes in the equilibrium state shows that the increase in the total concentration of solutions leads to a sharper dependence of the signal magnitude on the change in the concentration of the mixture. Comparing the dependences of the relative values of the maximum amplitudes of the Fourier decompositions for the differential temperatures of the intermediate medium, it can be seen that in Figure 4.1 these dependences change little with the change in solution concentration, and in Figure 4.2 these changes are larger and sharper. (sugar) over another at n 7 ... 8. The results of measurements of the same liquids in the nonequilibrium state show not only a decrease in the signal amplitude, but also a qualitative change in the whole dependence. The study of mixtures of true solutions of electrolytes in the equilibrium state showed that the external broadband noise applied to them is large and suppresses the fluctuations of the solution, reducing the received signal.dentification of a mixture of solutions can be performed by comparing the amplitudes and dispersion dependences with a "library" of known dependences obtained under similar conditions. But it is much easier to carry out identification for each mixture of solutions by comparing them modulo the amplitudes of Fourier decomposition. Figure 4.5 shows the Fourier decompositions for a mixture of solutions based on 4.76% sugar solutions and 6.54% soda solutions at n = 7. In Fig. 6a uses the effect of low-frequency and broadband noise electromagnetic radiation, and in Figure 4.5, b - only low-frequency effects. Based on the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, which establishes a relationship between the fluctuation spectrum of physical quantities in an equilibrium dissipative medium and the parameters that characterize the reaction of this medium to external influences, developed measurement techniques and measuring complex to remotely measure temperature fluctuations distilled water), which contains a dielectric container with the test substance. Analysis of fluctuations in the differential temperature of the intermediate fluid allows to distinguish and identify the investigated solutions. Solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes of different concentrations have been experimentally studied and it has been shown that they easily differ in the first harmonics of the Fourier decomposition of the fluctuations of the differential temperature measured by the developed method. Mixtures of solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes of different concentrations have been experimentally investigated and it has been shown that these mixtures can be identified by means of the first harmonics of Fourier decomposition and dispersion of fluctuations of the differential temperature of the intermediate liquid. It is shown that the dependences of the relative first amplitudes of Fourier decomposition on the concentrations of solutions are sequences of maxima and minima. A method for choosing the concentration of solutions to obtain the specified maximum values of the amplitudes of the first harmonics is proposed. The measuring complex for remote research of liquids by the method of analysis of fluctuations of differential temperature of the intermediate environment to which the investigated sample is placed, it is offered to supplement with the low-frequency (100 kHz) generator of regulated voltage 0... 20 V of the type "meander" applied to the condenser on opposite walls of a test tube with the investigated liquid that gave the chance to carry out measurements in the non- equilibrium mode. The superimposition of an electric field changes the probability of the charged particles being directed towards and against the field. Molecules in a solution of non-electrolytes are in a non-dissociated state, ie are neutral. The hydrated molecule of sucrose is converted into associative glucose and fructose, which are more than 4 times larger than the hydrotyped soda molecule. Thus, a mixture of a solution of sugar and soda contains very different molecules, so at low concentrations of solutions, the interaction between the molecules is small and, as a consequence, fluctuations in the concentration are small. At higher concentrations, the interaction between the molecules increases, fluctuations in concentration increase, which leads to an increase in the read thermal signal. Water (solvent) in sucrose solutions consists of two parts: water, which creates the solution itself, and water, which is involved in hydration. The coordination number of hydration by sucrose decreases with increasing concentration in solution [20,21]. Therefore, with increasing sucrose concentration, the proportion of free water increases and the level of the received heat signal decreases. The temporal relaxation of sucrose and soda solutions, as well as mixtures of these solutions ( 10-9 sec) is many orders of magnitude less than the duration of the applied low-frequency electric field ( 10-5 sec), so this mode can be considered as nonequilibrium. The level of the received thermal signal is greater than without external influence, but less than when exposed to broadband radiation. Solutions of electrolytes conduct an electric current due to the fact that when the substance is dissolved in water, hydrated ions are created. The electrostatic interaction between ions at rarefaction weakens to a minimum, due to the increase in the distance between them and the presence of hydrate shells. With a gradual change in the concentration of electrolyte solutions, the need to neutralize ion charges leads to the manifestation of maximum concentration fluctuations, which at high ion mobility can be taxed by external factors in our case by broadband noise radiation. | uk |
| dc.format.extent | 55 с. | uk |
| dc.identifier.citation | Ніколаєва, А. Д. Дистанційна ідентифікація розчинів конденсованих середовищ в закритих діелектричних ємностях : дипломна робота … бакалавра : 153 Мікро- та наносистемна техніка / Ніколаєва Анастасія Дмитрівна. – Київ, 2021. – 55 с. | uk |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/59617 | |
| dc.language.iso | uk | uk |
| dc.publisher | КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського | uk |
| dc.publisher.place | Київ | uk |
| dc.subject | ідентифікація розчинів | uk |
| dc.subject | закриті ємності | uk |
| dc.title | Дистанційна ідентифікація розчинів конденсованих середовищ в закритих діелектричних ємностях | uk |
| dc.type | Bachelor Thesis | uk |
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