Дослідження електронних засобів реєстрації звуків легень
| dc.contributor.advisor | Порєва, Ганна Сергіївна | |
| dc.contributor.author | Молід, Юлія Сергіївна | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2023-08-30T09:42:28Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2023-08-30T09:42:28Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2021 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Предметом цього дослідження є електронні стетоскопи, які є найбільш використовувані серед лікарів у всьому світі, та датчики, використовувані в даних стетоскопах. Метою дослідження є розгляд різноманітних електронних стетоскопів та датчиків, що в них використовуються, розгляд технічних характеристик приладів та проведення порівняння між ними. На основі проведеного порівняльного аналізу запропонована блок-схема власного електронного стетоскопу. У першому розділі дипломної роботи розглянуті основні питання щодо аускультації звуків легень, а також розглянуті основні засоби реєстрації звуків легень та серця. В цьому розділі наведено класифікацію дихальних шумів, серед яких виділяють нормальні та патологічні, та зв’язок патологічних шумів з певними хворобами дихальних шляхів. Другий розділ присвячений опису приладів для аускультації легень, де особливу увагу звернено на електронний стетоскоп. Наведено опис комплектації та принцип роботи електронного стетоскопу. Також в цьому розділі розглянуті популярні у використанні серед лікарів стетоскопи та їх технічні характеристики. На основі детального аналізу цих характеристик була сформована порівняльна таблиця та обрано стетоскопи, що мають найкращі характеристики серед досліджуваних. У третьому розділі розглянуті основні види датчиків, що застосовуються в стетоскопах та сформована порівняльна таблиця. На основі порівняльного аналізу датчиків обрано датчик з найкращими технічними характеристиками. В четвертому розділі на основі проведених аналізів в попередніх розділах було запропоновано блок-схему власного стетоскопу та проведено короткий опис кожного його блоку. | uk |
| dc.description.abstractother | Lung diseases are a great threat to human life. Every tenth death from Atlantis to Central Asia is associated with lung disease. If we take into account only the countries of the European Union, then mortality from lung diseases in these regions reaches the level of one in eight deaths. The state of the respiratory system is significantly influenced by emissions of various types of pollution into the atmosphere. Especially in such cases, the lungs suffer, because they, as the most important filter of our body, pass through themselves all the toxins of the surrounding world. From December 2019 to the present day, humanity has faced such a problem as a pandemic associated with the Corona virus infection SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV). It is known that the virus primarily infects the lungs, which in the future can develop into pneumonia, pulmonary failure, and ultimately death. Therefore, the faster the diagnostics of pulmonary pathologies, the more people will have the opportunity for a long and healthy life. In this regard, every pulmonologist should have a high-quality, convenient and accurate device with him in order to conduct auscultation as accurately and quickly as possible. The subject of this study is the electronic stethoscopes, which are the most used among doctors around the world, and the sensors used in these stethoscopes. The aim of the study is to review the various types of electronic stethoscopes and sensors that are most often used in electronic stethoscope, to consider the technical characteristics of these devices and make a comparison between them. On the basis of the analysis of the block diagram of a typical electronic stethoscope, a block diagram of an own electronic stethoscope is proposed. Based on a comparative analysis of the technical characteristics of stethoscopes and sensors for them, a sensor with optimal characteristics for your own stethoscope was selected. Each block of the block diagram is described and analyzed. In the first chapter of the thesis, the main issues of auscultation of lung sounds are considered. Listening to and analyzing lung sounds is a basic and mandatory part of the physical examination of the patient and is usually used to provide strong evidence for turning on or off various pathological conditions that are clinically manifested in the patient. And also considered the main means of recording the sounds of the lungs and heart. Of these, the stethoscope has the greatest application. The stethoscope can be acoustic or electronic. Acoustic stethoscopes are divided into obstetric, therapeutic, neonatal, pediatric, cardiological, obstetric, Rapaport stethoscope. This section provides a classification of respiratory sounds, among which the main respiratory sounds of the lungs and the auxiliary respiratory sounds of the lungs are distinguished. The main lung sounds are vesicular and bronchial breathing. Auxiliary lung sounds - wheezing, crepitus, pleural rubbing sounds, stridor, crackling. Crackling sounds are short explosive sounds. Most often they are auditioned during inhalation, but they can also be auditioned during exhalation. This type of noise could be an indication that there is liquid in the air sacs. Crackling lungs can signal that the patient has pneumonia, heart disease, pulmonary or cystic fibrosis, COPD, bronchitis, pericarditis, asbestos. A stridor is a loud, raspy sound that is perceptible mainly when inhaling. This type of noise is heard from the top of the neck. Stridor can appear in a person if he is sick with laryngomalacia, epiglottitis, tracheal infection, or if a foreign object enters the breathing apparatus. Wheezing is an additional respiratory noise that occurs in the air of the respiratory tract of the lungs. These noises occur when there is fluid in the lungs, pulmonary alveoli or pathological cavities, which can occur when bronchial patency is impaired (bronchial spasm, swelling of the mucous membrane, partial blockage with sputum or tumor). According to the mechanism of occurrence, wheezing is divided into dry and wet. The most common lung diseases that wheezing can indicate are COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), asthma, allergies, bronchitis, emphysema, epiglotitis (swelling of the upper flap of the windpipe), lung cancer, pneumonia. Also, wheezing can occur if a person smokes long enough and often or as a side effect of medications. Crepitation is a crackling sound that can be heard on auscultation at the peak of inspiration. Basically, crepitus occurs when an inflammatory or non-inflammatory fluid occurs in the alveoli. Crepitation cannot be heard if fluid completely fills the alveoli. Permanent crepitus can be caused by acute croupous pneumonia at the initial and final stages (a small amount of exudates at the initial stage causes the so-called induction crepitation - output, distant sound. At the final stage, through the resorption of exudates, it has a loud and crackling sound - reductive crepitation is heard again ), pulmonary tuberculosis (with a small amount of inflammatory fluid in the alveoli), lung infarction (with a small amount of blood in the alveoli), congestive heart failure (a small amount of stagnant fluid in the alveoli), compression atelectasis (the alveoli are compressed by pleural air or fluid, and therefore are separated from labor). Pleural friction noise is a noise that occurs when the pleura loses its physiological lubrication, resulting in a loss of natural smoothness. Such cases can occur in case of a lack of vitamins and water in the body, as well as with inflammatory changes in the leaves of the pleura. The noise resulting from friction of the pleura is heard both on inhalation and on exhalation; it sounds like the crunch of snow. This type of noise usually occurs in patients with allergic alveolitis, pleural tuberculosis, pleuropneumonia, tumor, less often in patients with other diseases or infectious pneumonia. The second section is devoted to the description of devices for auscultation of the lungs, and a brief description of them. Particular attention is paid to the electronic stethoscope. The digital stethoscope resembles a conventional acoustic stethoscope, but can convert acoustic sound into electronic signals that can be further amplified for optimal listening. The signals are processed and sent to gadgets or PCs. The digital stethoscope consists of three different modules for data acquisition, preprocessing and signal processing before the listener can evaluate the auscultatory sound. Digital stethoscopes have many modifications, the most common of which is the use of a microphone sensor. An electronic stethoscope amplifies acoustic signals, filters noise and keeps records of all patients. The frequency range of this measuring device depends on the sensors used and the type of filters used. This section also discusses stethoscopes popular in use among doctors and their technical characteristics. Stethoscopes Littmann Model 3200, JABES Life Pro, E-Scope Telehealth Model, SIFSTETHO-1.0, PCP-USB, Thinklabs Digital One, Eko Core, 3M Littmann 3100, Cardionics E-Scope, bark - 03M1, Dongjin I- Scope 200 Adscope 657BK, Stg, Beecardia, CMS-VE. Based on a detailed analysis of the technical characteristics of stethoscopes, a Comparative Table was formed and stethoscopes with the best characteristics among the subjects were selected. The third section discusses the main types of sensors used in a stethoscope. There are two main microphone approaches: 1) a kinematic approach, involving the direct recording of the movement of the chest wall. In this case, the term "contact sensor" is used; 2) The acoustic approach, which involves recording the movement of the diaphragm, experiences the action of a pressure wave induced by the movement of the chest wall. This approach uses the term "air coupled sensor". A contact piezoceramic sensor, a stethoscope microphone sensor from an electret microphone, a piezoceramic accelerometer, a contact microphone with a piezoelectric element, and a piezoelectric MEMS microphone were taken for analysis. According to the description of the technical characteristics of the sensors and the formation of a comparative table, the sensor with the best technical characteristics was chosen. The fourth section shows a block diagram of a typical stethoscope and how it works. In this part of the thesis, an analysis of a typical scheme of a stethoscope was carried out and a variant of designing a block diagram of an electronic stethoscope based on stethoscopes and sensors, which were analyzed in the previous parts of the thesis, was proposed. The stethoscope has a unique sensor - a piezoelectric MEMS microphone from Vesper Technologies, which has advantages over other sensors. The signal filtering block includes two channels for heart and lung sounds. For the heart, a low-pass filter with a cut- off frequency of 500 Hz is turned on. The signal processor chosen is STM32h723vg, based on a 32-bit high-performance core. The processor includes an ADC and a DAC, has a clock frequency of 550 MHz, which allows you to quickly process signals, analyze them and give a result. The stethoscope makes it possible to analyze signals immediately upon auscultation using a TFT display connected to the microcontroller via the LTDC bus, and the ability to record the signal to an SD card. Communication between the memory card and the processor is carried out through the SPI bus. The conclusions describe the result of the work done and provide plans for further research. In further studies, the circuit diagram of the proposed electronic stethoscope will be simulated. Each of the stethoscope blocks is selected in such a way that the best parameters in terms of high-quality auscultation of lung sounds and economic feasibility. Using the developed stethoscope, the doctor will be able not only to perceive by ear the high-quality clean signal that the sensor picks up, but also to analyze them in real time thanks to the display arranged in the stethoscope. This solution allows you to significantly reduce the time for auscultation. And the ability to record and transmit a signal to a PC and gadgets for further in-depth analysis will not leave aside a single pulmonologist, because efficiency and speed are the most important when it comes to human health. | uk |
| dc.format.extent | 77 с. | uk |
| dc.identifier.citation | Молід, Ю. С. Дослідження електронних засобів реєстрації звуків легень : дипломна робота … бакалавра : 153 Мікро- та наносистемна техніка / Молід Юлія Сергіївна. – Київ, 2021. – 77 с. | uk |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/59657 | |
| dc.language.iso | uk | uk |
| dc.publisher | КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського | uk |
| dc.publisher.place | Київ | uk |
| dc.subject | звуки легень | uk |
| dc.subject | засоби реєстрації | uk |
| dc.title | Дослідження електронних засобів реєстрації звуків легень | uk |
| dc.type | Bachelor Thesis | uk |
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