Вода і водоочисні технології. Науково-технічні вісті, № 3(34)
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Документ Відкритий доступ Pollution level of oil industrial water samples(КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського; ТОВ «Українська водна спілка», 2022) Gadirova, E.Organic toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds are a global environmental concern as they cause inflammation and skin cancer. As you know there are two types of anthropogenic sources of hydrocarbons: petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Petrogenic sources include crude oil and petroleum-derived hydrocarbon compounds. Pyrogenic sources of hydrocarbon compounds are formed as a result of incomplete combustion of organic substances such as oil, wood, coal. Before entering the open sea these oil products pass through the entire coastal zone. It is known that industrial waters are discharged into reservoirs after various chemical processes. The aim of this work was to determine how dangerous industrial oil water is when it enters the aquatic ecosystem. The article investigates the chemical composition of wastewater from the oil industry and identifies organic toxic compounds - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds. At the same time, the amount of heavy metals in water samples was analyzed. For chemical analysis, 3 samples were taken from the territory of the refinery. In total, 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 13 phenolic compounds and 9 heavy metals were analyzed in water samples. Water samples were analyzed in accordance with the contract HS-153/2-18 between Heydar Aliyev Oil Refinery and Baku State University's Department of Ecological Chemistry. The chemical analyses of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds were carried out using extremely sensitive devices such as Perkin Elmer ICP/OES-2100DV and GC-MSD gas chromatograph 6890N with a highly efficient mass-selective detector-Agilent 5975. In the Khazar Ecological Laboratory performed quantitative analysis of organic compounds in water samples as well as heavy metal determination.Документ Відкритий доступ Discrete-pulsed energy input in wastewater treatment technologies(КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського; ТОВ «Українська водна спілка», 2022) Obodovych, O.; Sabliy, L.; Sydorenko, V.; Pereiaslavtseva, O.; Khomenko, V.Wastewater treatment is an important environmental problem of the national economy of any country. Therefore, increasing the efficiency of wastewater treatment through the use of innovative technologies and equipment is becoming relevant. Basically, for the biological treatment of wastewater from organic and biogenic pollution, aerotanks with different aeration systems are used. The aeration and mass transfer of the mixture of waste water and activated sludge accounts for up to 80 % of operating costs. The article deals with the problems of using thermal physics in wastewater treatment by intensifying the mass transfer process and accelerating the biological oxidation reaction. The intensification occurs due to the impact on the treated medium (waste water) of the input energy by the discrete-pulse method. The method is implemented using new heat and mass transfer equipment, namely a rotary-type aerator-oxidizer (AORT). A diagram of a rotary-type aerator-oxidizer and a technological scheme for biological wastewater treatment using this apparatus are presented. A procedure has been developed for determining the volumetric coefficient of oxygen mass transfer from the gas phase to the liquid phase during biological wastewater treatment. A number of studies have been carried out on the dependence of the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water on the number of treatment cycles at: different angular speed of rotation of the rotor unit; different frequencies of flow pulsations; different flow shear rates. It is shown that the maximum concentration of dissolved oxygen is reached in 1–2 passes through the apparatus of the processed mixture. The thermophysical and energy characteristics of the operation of a rotary-type aeration-oxidation plant are determined depending on the frequency of flow pulsations. A comparative assessment of the heat-mass exchange and energy indicators of modern aeration devices used for wastewater treatment with the AORT installation has been carried out and it has been shown that when using the AORT installation, energy costs for aeration are reduced by 20 %.Документ Відкритий доступ Integral methods for control of complex processes in NPP cooling systems(КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського; ТОВ «Українська водна спілка», 2022) Korsun, D.; Chichenin, V.; Zaitsev, S.; Kyshnevskiy, V.The relevance of the study is to ensure the reliable operation of NPP recirculating cooling water systems (RCWS) and select the method for discharge water conditioning. The purpose of the study is to provide scientific and technical substantiation of conditions that will effectively provide and improve the reliable and efficient long-term operation of NPP RCWS equipment. The study included analysis of main factors that influence the efficient and reliable performance of heat exchangers, and of modern scientific and technical approaches to study water-chemical regimes (WCR) of operating RCWS systems for preventing depositions of sparingly soluble salts and corrosion of power equipment, to study thermal-hydraulic regimes (THR) in RCWS WCR laboratory simulation, and to study the deposition rates on heat exchange surfaces (HES). The improvements refer to gas chromatography technique to control the content of oil product in water; the process flow diagram for the floor drain radioactive water treatment; methods of discrete control over RCWS operational efficiency with monitoring THR and WCR indicators, and deposition rates during laboratory studies and industrial tests. The obtained results make it possible to carry out a scientific and technical substantiation of the conditions for effective implementation of RCWS structural reconfigurations in order to increase the installed capacity factor (ICF) and for economical use of water during the variable loads on individual power units of large power facilities, considering their installed capacity, service life, and heat exchange equipment condition due to the use of separate RCWS with individual THR, WCR, and established individual standards for the amount of blowdown water and its possible reuse as makeup water for power units.Документ Відкритий доступ Development of high-efficiency replacement filters for purification of drinking water on household filter pitchers(КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського; ТОВ «Українська водна спілка», 2022) Bolshak, A.; Patalashka, R.; Gudim, N.; Liuts, V.; Shevchuk, O.Water filter pitchers s are the simplest and most affordable devices for local purification of drinking water from centralized and decentralized water sources. The main filter element of such pitchers is a cartridge containing a mixture of sorption materials that are able to absorb certain impurities from the water. However, as previous studies demonstrated, the quality of water, purified with filter pitcher cartridges currently available on the market, does not usually reach the level sufficient to meet the standards for drinking water, which are specified in the document DSanPin 2.2.4-171 -10 "Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption", while maintaining compliance with consumer needs. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a cartridge for filter pitchers, which would provide high efficiency of purification of tap water in Kyiv from the most common impurities: chlorine, organic compounds and hardness ions. In this work, 5 newly created cartridge samples with different ratios of sorption material content, drainage material density, cartridge filling density, presence or absence of inert material in the loading were studied to identify the impact of these factors on water purification efficiency and water filtration rate, as well as the connection between these parameters. According to the results of the study, a cartridge for a filter pitcher was proposed and determined its the optimal composition. It provides adjustment of tap water composition, namely: reduction by 60 % of the average concentration of chlorine (per 150 dm3 of water), by 15 % - permanganate oxidizability and by 20 % concentration of hardness ions to standard values at filtration rate not less than 0.15 dm3 /min and a resource of 150 dm3. These results were achieved by selecting the optimal ratio of the components of the filter loading mixture and the density of the bottom drainage material.Документ Відкритий доступ Microplastics in natural water: sources and determination(КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського; ТОВ «Українська водна спілка», 2022) Litynska, M.The paper is devoted for origin of microplastics in aquatic environment and possible methods of characterization and analysis. According to US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, microplastics are synthetic organic polymer particles with a size less than 5 mm. Microplastics pollution is a significant ecological problem in the world. A lot of surface waters are significantly polluted by various types of microplastics. These pollutants were found in rivers, lakes, oceans, sediments, wastewater, drinking water and bottled water. But in Ukraine microplastic problem of surface water do not meet the interest of scientists and ecological organizations. Disintegration of plastic waste is one of the main sources of microplastics in water. But there are a lot of other sources of primary and secondary microplastics, including components personal care products, industrial abrasives, abrasion from car tires, paint failure, industrial processes, textile washing, atsea losses, etc. Microplastics can harm ecosystems and cause many health problems for different organisms, including problems with feeding and digestion, endocrine disruptions and changes in cellular functions. In general, health effects and environmental impacts are dependent on the size of the microplastic particles and chemical structure of these polymers. Thus, it is very important to understand chemical composition, physical forms, transport in environment and fragmentation of microplastics due to the need to predict possible exposure effects. There are a lot of methods for characterization and analysis of microplastics, but all of them have some disadvantages. Microplastics determination is often especially difficult for water with low microplastics content due to very large volumes of water samples and very small mass of separated plastics.