Вода і водоочисні технології. Науково-технічні вісті, № 1(32)
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Документ Відкритий доступ Environmental problems caused by the use of reverse osmosis membrane elements, and ways to solve them(КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського; ТОВ «Українська водна спілка», 2022) Tyvonenko, A. V.; Mitchenko, T. Ye.; Vasilyuk, S. L.More than 70 percent of our planet is covered with water. And yet water is a scarce resource, and it is our future. According to the World Wildlife Fund, 1.1 billion people do not have access to it, and 2.7 billion experience a shortage of drinking water at least once a year. By 2025, two-thirds of the world's population may face water shortages. The shortage of drinking water and the search for renewable resources are of the most important problems in the modern world, the solution of which is directed to considerable intellectual and financial resources. Reverse osmosis is one of the most common technologies for obtaining highquality drinking water. Technological solutions constantly improve the process of reverse osmosis and reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane elements used, science and business go hand in hand. But the price of this progress is the annual generation of a large amount of waste generated from used reverse osmosis roll membrane elements, which are usually sent to the landfill, while there are no technological solutions for their disposal. This work provides information on the available amount of such waste in the world and the dynamics of its growth in order to assess the scale of environmental damage that occurs as a result. The work collected information about the market of reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane elements in the world, and directions of their use. The structure, composition of components and technical characteristics of reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane elements are considered in detail, which makes it possible to evaluate the ways and possibilities of their utilization. The problems of surface contamination due to various types of fouling are considered. The main attention in the work is given to the reasons that cause the formation of waste. Based on the collected data, the scale of annual waste generation, which is formed due to spent reverse osmosis roll membrane elements, was analyzed. The possibility of reusing reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane elements and the main methods of their safe disposal are also considered. Summarizing the work carried out, recommendations were made on ways to solve the problem.Документ Відкритий доступ Intensification of the absorption of oxygen by water using a rotor-pulsating apparatus(КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського; ТОВ «Українська водна спілка», 2022) Sablii, L.; Obodovych, O.; Sydorenko, V.One of the important components of the quality of food products is the quality of water used. A common way to remove unwanted impurities from water is aeration, i.e. the oxidation of chemical compounds in water by oxygen. Aeration devices with mechanical energy input in comparison with other groups of devices, namely with energy input with gas phase and with liquid phase, have low power consumption and additional mixing of the processed medium. The work presents a study of oxygen absorption in water in an experimental setup with rotor-pulsating apparatus for water treatment in beverage production technology. In this paper, the energy and technological parameters of aeration of a model aqueous solution of a certain concentration of sodium sulfide in an experimental setup with a rotor-pulsating apparatus as an aerator are determined. The experimental aeration setup allows conducting research in several modes and consists in particular of a vessel, a rotor-pulsating apparatus, two ejectors - one at the entrance to the rotor-pulsating, the other at the outlet, the recirculation pipeline. Air from the atmosphere enters each of the ejectors through a separate air duct. The aeration of the studied water took place in the recirculation mode for 20 minutes. Determination of the oxygen mass transfer rate is determined by the iodometric titration method on the rate of oxidation of sodium sulfite. Experiments were conducted without using a catalyst. It is determined that when placing the ejector unit at the rotorpulsating apparatus inlet at the angular rotor unit velocity of 240.02; 270.18, and 300.02 s-1, the oxygen mass transfer rate is 1.39; 1.49 and 1.73 kg m3 /h. At the location of the ejector unit at the outlet of the rotor-pulsating apparatus, the velocity of the oxygen mass transfer under the same conditions is 1.17; 1.36 and 1.63 kg m3 /h respectively. However, the power consumption of the second scheme exceeds the power consumption by the first scheme by 50%.Документ Відкритий доступ Biotransformation of wastewater production of bakery yeast with biogas generation(КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського; ТОВ «Українська водна спілка», 2022) Bublienko, N.; Zakharova, R.; Stetsenko, N.Baking yeast enterprises are a source of environmental pollution by concentrated wastewater. They are usually diluted with water and discharged into sewerage. It is rational to use methane fermentation, which will ensure the removal of pollutants and make the process cost-effective through the use of biogas and digestion. Therefore, it is relevant to study the question of the influence of fermentation parameters on the cleaning efficiency. The aim of the work is to study the methane fermentation of yeast production effluents in a continuous mode. Objectives: analysis of solving the problem of wastewater treatment of yeast plants, study of the influence of process parameters (dilution rate, addition of cobalt salts) on the efficiency of treatment; gas generation; vitamin production. Initial COD of effluents 4500 mg O2/dm3 , pH 6. Cultivation regime – continuous, dilution rate 4,1-10–3, 6,2-10–3, 8,2-10–3, 12,4-10–3 hours–1. Cleaning efficiency 78,9 %. High values of dilution rate cause overload of activated sludge, which leads to reduced cleaning efficiency. The presence of cobalt also has a depressant effect. A significant amount of biogas (up to 5,2 dm3 /dm3 ) is produced with a high content of methane (up to 85 %), which is an alternative fuel. As the dilution rate increases, the biogas and methane content decrease. With increasing dilution rate from 4,1-10–3 to 12,4-10–3 hours–1, biogas decreased from 1,11 to 0,94 dm3 /g CODloading, and from 1,43 to 1,39 dm3 /g CODfermentation. Similarly to the effect on the depth of purification, the inhibitory effect of cobalt on methanogeneration is observed. Digestion is a valuable fertilizer with a significant content of cobalamin vitamins (up to 95 сg/g). The addition of cobalt salts stimulates the synthesis of vitamins, providing an increase of 26,7 to 51,6 %, improving the ratio between active and inactive forms.Документ Відкритий доступ Experimental scaling potential of heated water(КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського; ТОВ «Українська водна спілка», 2022) Kontsevoi, S. A.; Kontsevoi, A. L.; Khokhotva, O. P.The previously proposed mechanism of bicarbonate ions decomposition by the H-mechanism (with the formation of H+ and CO3 2-) or OH-mechanism (with the formation of OH- and CO2) is confirmed experimentally without and with heating water up to 190oC. The change decomposition mechanism depends on hardness, alkalinity and pH. The H-mechanism is observed at higher pH values (pH decreases) and the OH-mechanism is observed at lower values (pH increases) in particular solutions. The developed technique is based on the measurement of changing the pH (рНt) of the solution (at a fixed temperature of 15 to 25oC) after heating it to a given temperature (ranging from 40 to 190oC) and maintaining this temperature for at least 30 minutes. A decrease in the pH of the water after heating (рНt>0) indicates the formation of carbonate ions and the need for additional water treatment to reduce the hardness, alkalinity or pH. The greater the рНt, the greater the concentration of carbonate ions formed in water. If рНt is zero then this temperature can be used as a water quality index. This temperature is 86.4oC for tap water in Kyiv (pH 7.4). Measurement of рН in water meeting standards for water in German heating supply systems (pH 9.06, Hardness 45 mol/dm3 - 5 times less than in Ukraine) shows that such water is not scale-safe (рН150=0.15). The proposed technique will be able to replace the Langelier index (up to 90oC) and the carbonate index (up to 190oC) under the condition of systematic processing of experimental data obtained for the water of different compositions on its basis. This method can be used in addition to the expensive experimental method of dynamic tube blocking.Документ Відкритий доступ Determination of patulin in apple puree using LCMS with triple quadrupole detector(КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського; ТОВ «Українська водна спілка», 2022) Kuptsova, M.; Shchepak, A.; Slis, A.; Solodovnik, T.Patulin is a high-hazardous mycotoxin formed in apples affected by the fungus. This mycotoxin, when ingested, has the irreversible effect of deteriorating health. Most often, patulin enters the human body through processed apple products or baby food. The countries of the European Union have decided to reduce the level of the maximum residue level of patulin in apples to the lowest that can be measured by analytical instruments. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop a rapid and sensitive method of patulin determination for the lowest level detection allowed by European law. In this work, patulin was artificially added to apple puree at the level of 10 g/kg for further detection. The analysis was performed on an LC-MS/MS system with electrospray ionization type and a column based on modified silica. The mobile phase used in the analysis was ultrapure water and acetonitrile with the addition of formic acid. Measurement of the quantity of PAT in the sample was performed using MRM transitions. Subsequently, there was a problem of significant inclusion of the matrix on the spectrum, but the problem was solved by using cartridges for cleaning of matrix impurities. As a result, we achieved a successful and accurate result at level of 10 g/kg. A calibration curve was felicitously constructed for five different concentrations. The most important parameters of validation of the method use were determined – reproducibility, repeatability, recovery and linearity. The final result of this work is the development and implementation of a rapid, cost-effective and suitable method for determining patulin at the level of the maximum residue level.